The tradition of the nativity scene, known as “el portal” or “pesebre,” has its origins in a simple act by Francis of Assisi. According to accounts, in 1223, while staying in Greccio, Italy, Francis wanted to commemorate Christmas in a unique way that honored humility and poverty. With the help of local resident Juan Velita, he recreated the biblical scene of Jesus’ birth using people from the town and animals in a small grotto. This event is described by John of Fidanza (Saint Bonaventure), who noted that Francis celebrated mass at midnight with deep emotion: “He was bathed in tears and radiant with joy. He preached to those gathered around the Nativity of the poor king and, unable to pronounce his name out of tenderness for his love, called him the baby of Bethlehem.”
This first live nativity scene quickly spread throughout Italy, initially appearing in churches before becoming a common tradition in homes. In Naples, early figurines representing the characters present at Jesus’ birth were introduced.
The gospel according to Luke describes how Mary gave birth to her son and laid him in a manger because there was no room elsewhere. Shepherds nearby received news from an angel about the birth: “Do not be afraid; I bring you good news that will cause great joy for all the people. Today…a Savior has been born to you; he is the Messiah, the Lord.” The shepherds visited Jesus and brought simple gifts.
Other elements commonly included are angels—who played key roles during various moments surrounding Jesus’ conception and early life—and the star that guided wise men from the East. Matthew’s gospel recounts how these magi followed a star to find Jesus and offered him gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
Traditionally named Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar, these wise men represent different regions and peoples of the world. Their gifts symbolize aspects such as divinity (incense), kingship (gold), and humanity (myrrh).
Francis of Assisi himself was born Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone in 1182 into a wealthy family but later renounced material wealth after spiritual experiences led him toward religious devotion. He founded the Franciscan order based on obedience to God and vows of poverty. During a retreat in 1224 he reportedly received stigmata—the wounds associated with Christ’s crucifixion—and died two years later. Pope Gregory IX canonized him shortly after his death.
Today, recreating this humble scene remains one of Catholicism’s oldest traditions during Christmas celebrations worldwide.
